this girl is a GLAMBERT baby!

{-.- bio kills me -.-}

Wednesday, August 26, 2009

sigh sigh sigh so i really have nice stuff to blog about since i didnt update yesterday, but i'm so gonna screw up my bio ca later on. ): like seriously. i was sorta mostly prepared last time, but the results are like -.- and now, im not even prepared at all. thought i cld stay up to revise yday, but well, i dozed off from 1.30-2.30am, and decided to forget abt it. so. Someone told me that memorizing doesnt work at all, and it might be just true, becuz i did mem the prev time but the results still sucked. so since anyways, i don't hv enough time to mem everything alr, im gonna read every word and try to understand it, and hopefully somehow i'll be able to rmb these stuff when i see the qn later on. so guess that im gonna skip all the lectures today. nvr done it before but no big deal i guess, cuz if not i will also study bio during the lecs and hv to be worried abt being caught. so i have 3.5hours starting from now. here i go. god bless me. DX

Cell Division

kinetochore complex- site where spindle fibres attach to on the centromere.
function of chromosomes: contains unit of inheritance (genes) found at the locus on the chromosome. transfer of genetic information.
homologous chromosomes: similar in length, gene position, centromere location. one comes from mother and one from father. pair up during P1 of Meiosis 1.
Advantages of being diploid: 1.Backup- when a chromosome is faulty, the other chromosome from the pair can provide a normal backup. 2. Increase in genetic variation- each diploid individual will have a mixture of characteristics from both parents due to the prescence of alleles.

Interphase:
1. At G1 and G2 stage, growth and replication of organelles occurs
2. Replication of centrioles
3. cell increase in size
4. protein synthesis
5. ATP synthesis
6. At the S phase, DNA replication occurs. chromatin replicate by the semi-conservative DNA
replication

MITOSIS
Prophase
1. The longest stage, where the chromatin undergoes spirilization and condensation to form visible chromosomes.
2. Sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.
3. Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell.
4. Asters which are microtubules radiates from the centrioles.
5. Spindle fibres form.
6. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrates.

Metaphase
1. Sister chromatids align themelves along the equatorial planes of the cell, at right angle to the spindle axis.
2. Spindle fibres attach themselves to the kinetochore of the cell at both sides of the centromere.
3. Pole to pole spindle fibres formed.

Anaphase
1. The shortest stage where the centromere separates.
2. The spindles fibres pull the centromere of the sister chromatids apart.
3. Spindle fibres lengthens and push the poles apart.

Telophase
1. The chromosome uncoils and lengthens to become chromatin again.
2. The spindle fibres disintegrate.
3. Nuclear envelop reforms at each pole.
4. Nucleoli reappears.

Cytokinesis
For animals,
1. Cell membrane invaginates at the equatorial plane, forming cleavage furrow.
2. it extend inwards until they meet and completely separate the two cells.

For plants,
1. Spindle fibres begin to disappear during telophase except at the equatorial plane
2. This region is known as the phragmoplast region
3. Organelles are attracted to this region
4. GA produces fluid-filled vesicles containing cellulose, which binds to form the cell plate.
5. cell plate extends outwards to parents wall at pheriphery, forming the new wall separating the two daughter cells.

Difference between mitotic cell cycle in plant cell & animal cell
1. No centrioles present in plants but in animals centrioles replicate
2. No asters formation
3. Usually occurs at the meristem for plants, but at tissues for animals
4. No furrowing of cytoplasm at cytokinesis for plants, but there is for animals from periphery to middle
5. Cell plate formation during cytokinesis from middle to periphery for plants, none in animals.

Significance of mitosis
1. Genetic stability- chromosomes replicate via the semi-conservative DNA replication to produce identical daughter cells.
2. Regeneration
3. Replacement of cells
4. Cancer- uncontrolles cell division resulting in malignant tumors
5. Growth in no. of cells
6. Stem cells
7. Asexual reproduction

MEIOSIS
Prophase 1
1. The longest stage on M phase, where chromatin condense and form visible chromosomes. Each chromosome is now seen as two sister chromatids.

2. Homologous chromosomes pair up forming bivalents in a process known as synapsis.
3. The chromosomes repel and partially separate.
4. They are seen to be joined at several points along their lengths- known as chiasmata. Chiasmata is the site of exchange of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

5. Crossing over- At the chiasmata, the exchange of genes between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes takes place.
6. It involves the breakage and reunion between non-sister chromatids at each site.
7. Alleles from one chromosome may swap with corrsponding alleles from the other chromosome. This will result in new combinations of alleles formed in the resulting chromatids.

8. Centrioles move to two opposite poles of cell.
9. Asters which are short microtubules may be seen radiating from the centrioles.
10. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrates.
11. Spindle fibres formed.

Metaphase 1
1. Bivalents arrange themselves at the equator of the spindle.
2. Spindle fibres are attached to one side of the kinetochore complex on the centromere of each of the homologous chromosome.
3. Pole to pole spindle fibres formed.

Anaphase 1
1. Centromere do not divide.
2. The spindle fibres pull the homologous chromosomes, centromere first, to opposite poles of the cell.
3. Homologous chromosomes separate into two haploid sets, one set at each end of the spindle.
4. Pole to pole spindle fibres lengthens to push the poles apart.

Telophase 1
1. Arrival of homologous chromosomes at opposite poles.
2. Spindle fibres disintegrate.
3. The chromatids usually uncoil and Nuclear envelop reforms at each pole.
4. Nucleoli reappear.

Cytokinesis 1
- Formation of cleavage or cell plates as in mitosis.

Meiosis 2
Interphase 2
1. Replication of centrioles.

Prophase 2
1. Chromatins shortens and thickens
2. Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell.
3. Spindle fibres appear.
4. Spindle fibres arranged at right angles to the first spindle axis of meiosis 1.
5. Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli disintegrate.

Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2 : same as Mitosis
Recap
Metaphase 2
1. Chromosomes attach themselves singly along the equatorial plane of the cell.
2. Spindle fibres attach to both side of the kinetochore complex at the centromere.
3. Pole to pole spindle fibre formed.

Anaphase 2
1. Centromere separates into two.
2. Spindle fibres pulls the chromatids to opposite poles of the cell with centromeres first.
3. Pole to pole spindle fibres lengthens to push the poles apart.

Telophase 2
1. Chromosomes uncoil, lenghten and become indistinct, decondensed chromatin.
2. Spindle fibres disintegrate.
3. Nuclear envelope reform around each nucleus, which now has half the no. of chromosomes of the original parent cell (haploid).
4. Nucleoli reappear.

Cytokinesis 2
1. Subsequent cleavage or cell wall formation will produce 4 daughter cells from the original single parent cell.

Significance of Meiosis
1. Allows for sexual reproduction.
- Sexual reproduction involves the fertilisation of two haploid gametes (one from paternal and one from maternal) to form one diploid zygote. Meiosis allows for the formation of the haploid gametes. Hence, meiosis is present in all sexual reproductive organisms to form the haploid gametes.

2. For Genetic Variation
A) Crossing over (Prophase 1)
- Crossing over occurs during Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1. Crossing over of segments of non-sister occurs at the chiasmata. This leads to formation of new combination of alleles on the chromosomes of the gametes. These chromosomes are recombinant chromosomes that contain genes from both parents.

B) Independent assortment of chromosomes (Metaphase 1)
- Independent assortment refers to the fact that the bivalents orientate themselves at the equator of the spindle randomly and line up independently of each other along the equatorial plane. Hence the chromosome in each bivalents will separate independently of those in other bivalents during Anaphase 1. Different combinations of paternal and maternal chromosomes may result in different gametes formed. 2n

- During Metaphase 2, the orientation pairs of chromatids is random and determines which chromosome migrate to opposite poles of the cell during Anaphase 2.

- The variation is greater if crossing over has taken place in Prophase 1.

Random Fertilisation
- Variation also occurs during sexual reproduction where the male and female gametes fuse randomly. This contributes to genetic variation in the offspring.

OMGOMG sigh, 1 hour left for the other chapter thats more heavy than this chap-DNA & Genomics. ): i'm so gonna screw everything up literally. DX
God. Mind block. I so cannot stuff anymore info into my brain. I'm not even saying of memorizing. Im just hoping to be able to be able to read through everything and understand them. I cant even do that. Damn it. DX dead. I stopped the music, thinkin that it might help to focus, ha but seriously no, its even worse. w/o it im just like daydreamin. -.- lol. turned on the music again. Oh my- im so gonna give up ): aft every pg i read, at the very moment whn i flip to the next pg, i don't rmb what i have read. and aft every pg i wil type how much im dying here. gosh. DX somebody just kill me. Omgosh reading = nothing gets in for my current state of mind. Let me type instead. >.<

DNA & Genomics
Transcription
1. Initiation
- RNA polymerase binds to promoter,
- causing DNA double helix to unwind.
- Template strand used as template.
- The other strand is sense strand- same base seq as mRNA but T replaced by U
- transcription factors mediate.

2. Elongation
- RNA polymrase moves along sense strand 3' to 5' end
- Free ribonucleotides matched with DNA template by complementary base pairing
- New RNA strand synthesised in the 5' to 3' direction
- Adjacent ribonucleotides are joined tgt by phosphodiester bonds.
- Single gene can be transcribed simultaneously by several molecules of RNA polymerase.

3. Termination
- RNA polymerase transcribes a terminator sequence
- newly formed mRNA transcript is released and DNA rewinds.

4. Post-Transcriptional Modification
A) Alteration of mRNA ends
- 5' end is capped off with a modified form of guanine nucleotide
- 3' end has a poly(A) tail

B) Split genes and RNA splicing
- primary RNA transcript is transcribed from a split gene
- introns are cut from the pri RNA transcript
- exons are simultaneously joined tgt to form mRNA
- splicing carried out by spliceosomes
- mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores.

Oh no this is so not helpin and not workin anymore. ): Mental-block means mental-block. Just like road block- no way to pass it. Sigh. Sometimes, it could be better to just live with whats done instead of trying to stuff more info into the already overloaded and blocked brain & screw the mind up. :S givin up on the darn dna chapter. >.<>.<>
I'm so gonna screw it up later on, but what else to blame other that myself. DX

ARRGGHH. Whatever la.

♥ M A D A-bout A D A M | 7:51 AM

WHY I'M OBSSESSED WITH ADAM!

Along all this way of being a Glambert so far, I've been asked by many what exactly it is that is so attractive about Adam Lambert. I can only say Everything. It's hard to describe us Glambert's love for Adam in a few words. Well let him do the description of himself then. He revealed on adamofficial.com QOTD 21Oct how he would sum up himself in three words: "Open-minded", "Intense", & "Friendly!". Indeed so we would all agree. As far as these three words sums him up to himself, they ain't enough to do justice for his incredible Talents.
Let's do a lil flashback of his past. Adam grew up in San Diego. After a few weeks as a musical theater major at a college in Orange County, he left to star in a play in San Diego. At 19, he worked as a singer in a musical revue on a cruise ship for a year. When he was 21, he moved to Hollywood to pursue his singing career and he travelled for six months in the European production of Hair. In 2004, he got great reviews playing Joshua in an ill-fated musical production of The Ten Commandments at the Kodak Theater in LA. He fell into a depression somewhere in 2006. "I got out of my first relationship and I was kinda downward-spirally," he says. "I was destructive, just numbing myself out." He started partying ar nightclubs and as he describes it, " being a slutbag." He was also drinking, "smoking a crap ton of weed" and doing coke.In 2007, he was cast in the chorus of the national tour of Wicked and finally making enough money to support himself - about $1800 a week. When he got back to L.A., he decided to try out for American Idol.
AI Season 8 provided the platform for him to shine and show the world what he has. That was all he needed. A platform. Adam was all ready, coming in a full package, the vocals and his unique style (the eyeliner, black nailpolish, n playing dress up). Much intense speculation went on during the course of the competition about his sexuality when intimate photos of Adam and his ex, Brad, surfaced in the net. After the season ended, Adam finally opened up and ceased the speculations about his sexual orientation. He confessed on the rolling stones that indeed, he is gay. This might not pretty much come as shocking for most, but still, it is a big one that he is addressing about. To date, Adam being a gay guy is very much accepted by the public, just as his current relationship with his boy, Drake LaBry is envied by many. Even as a gay guy, Adam is well loved by both sexes. Yes. Women LOVES Adam. Crazy things that female fans did during the Idols Live Tour includes throwing up their bras and underwears onstage to Adam. Adam responds, " But me and panties, that's just a little bit freaky. I think it's weird that I'm having this effect on women. It's flattering. I've never had underwear thrown at me before." Indeed so, that is exactly how Insane us females are over him. Though as a gay, Adam admits he is bi-curious, "I'm gay, but I like kissing women sometimes. Women are pretty.". Hell, yeah that's great news to us. LOL :D A performer who stands by his beliefs and style he is. During his set of Led Zepplin's Whole Lotta Love in the Idols Live Tour, as quoted from Details magz, "Americans of every persuasion proved themselves defenseless against Lambert's vigorous pelvic exertions." "Moral majorities found his style scandalous, but Lambert offers no apologies." As one of his tweet goes, his music his sexy, and if sexy scares you, don't listen. We'r all in this and totally captivated by his performance. Indulged in dressing up, Adam is undeniably a fashion icon. "I like to get real pretty", he says. ;D
Adam won the Young Hollywood Award- Artist of the year almost immediately after the season ended. How appropriate and encouraging that is to start off his music career for real. The media coverage he had was intense. Including the coverage for his photoshoot for Details Magazine Nov issue, where Adam daringly walks on fire by posing intimately with a nude female model and even tongue-ing her down. The Adam Craze accelerated with the leakage of the photos on 18 Oct. Adam was a total sex on fire as most would describe as in these shots. Indeed, "I never do anything to play it safe.", he says. Another media coverage was his appearance for the AMA nominees announcement on 13 Oct. A big news he announced on the same day, he will be performing his single on the AMAs on 22 Nov! It's a huge thing that he himself and us are looking forward to. Following the release of his single Time For Miracles on 2O Oct, the movie 2012 theme song, his single from the album is ready to drop anytime. With the latest confirmation, his debut album will be called "For Your Entertainment" and is due to drop on 23 NOV. The intense anticipation of his album is growing in the showbiz and all around the world. Adam promises the album to be a "rock-pop-electronic-dance thing" and describes it as "as if a '70s time-capsule blasted off into space and you're watching it through a holographic filter". What brilliant wordage that is. Some tittles of the songs have been revealed, such as "Entertainment", "Music Again", "Winners", "Strut", "Suburbia decay". The Adamstorm is brewing and he's so gonna blow everyone away with his music. GLAMROCK IS BACK BABY!